概要
Spring实现了一套重试机制,功能简单实用。Spring Retry是从Spring Batch独立出来的一个功能,已经广泛应用于Spring Batch,Spring Integration, Spring for Apache Hadoop等Spring项目。本文将讲述如何使用Spring Retry及其实现原理。
背景
重试,其实我们其实很多时候都需要的,为了保证容错性,可用性,一致性等。一般用来应对外部系统的一些不可预料的返回、异常等,特别是网络延迟,中断等情况。还有在现在流行的微服务治理框架中,通常都有自己的重试与超时配置,比如dubbo可以设置retries=1,timeout=500调用失败只重试1次,超过500ms调用仍未返回则调用失败。
如果我们要做重试,要为特定的某个操作做重试功能,则要硬编码,大概逻辑基本都是写个循环,根据返回或异常,计数失败次数,然后设定退出条件。这样做,且不说每个操作都要写这种类似的代码,而且重试逻辑和业务逻辑混在一起,给维护和扩展带来了麻烦。从面向对象的角度来看,我们应该把重试的代码独立出来。
使用介绍
基本使用
先举个例子:
@Configuration
@EnableRetry
public class Application {
@Bean
public RetryService retryService(){
return new RetryService();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
ApplicationContext applicationContext = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext("springretry");
RetryService service1 = applicationContext.getBean("service", RetryService.class);
service1.service();
}
}
@Service("service")
public class RetryService {
@Retryable(value = IllegalAccessException.class, maxAttempts = 5,
backoff= @Backoff(value = 1500, maxDelay = 100000, multiplier = 1.2))
public void service() throws IllegalAccessException {
System.out.println("service method...");
throw new IllegalAccessException("manual exception");
}
@Recover
public void recover(IllegalAccessException e){
System.out.println("service retry after Recover => " + e.getMessage());
}
}
@EnableRetry – 表示开启重试机制 @Retryable – 表示这个方法需要重试,它有很丰富的参数,可以满足你对重试的需求 @Backoff – 表示重试中的退避策略 @Recover – 兜底方法,即多次重试后还是失败就会执行这个方法
Spring-Retry 的功能丰富在于其重试策略和退避策略,还有兜底,监听器等操作。
然后每个注解里面的参数,都是很简单的,大家看一下就知道是什么意思,怎么用了,我就不多讲了。
重试策略
看一下Spring Retry自带的一些重试策略,主要是用来判断当方法调用异常时是否需要重试。(下文原理部分会深入分析实现)
- SimpleRetryPolicy 默认最多重试3次
- TimeoutRetryPolicy 默认在1秒内失败都会重试
- ExpressionRetryPolicy 符合表达式就会重试
- CircuitBreakerRetryPolicy 增加了熔断的机制,如果不在熔断状态,则允许重试
- CompositeRetryPolicy 可以组合多个重试策略
- NeverRetryPolicy 从不重试(也是一种重试策略哈)
- AlwaysRetryPolicy 总是重试
….等等
退避策略
看一下退避策略,退避是指怎么去做下一次的重试,在这里其实就是等待多长时间。(下文原理部分会深入分析实现)
- FixedBackOffPolicy 默认固定延迟1秒后执行下一次重试
- ExponentialBackOffPolicy 指数递增延迟执行重试,默认初始0.1秒,系数是2,那么下次延迟0.2秒,再下次就是延迟0.4秒,如此类推,最大30秒。
- ExponentialRandomBackOffPolicy 在上面那个策略上增加随机性
- UniformRandomBackOffPolicy 这个跟上面的区别就是,上面的延迟会不停递增,这个只会在固定的区间随机
- StatelessBackOffPolicy 这个说明是无状态的,所谓无状态就是对上次的退避无感知,从它下面的子类也能看出来
原理
原理部分我想分开两部分来讲,一是重试机制的切入点,即它是如何使得你的代码实现重试功能的;二是重试机制的详细,包括重试的逻辑以及重试策略和退避策略的实现。
切入点
@EnableRetry
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@EnableAspectJAutoProxy(proxyTargetClass = false)
@Import(RetryConfiguration.class)
@Documented
public @interface EnableRetry {
/**
* Indicate whether subclass-based (CGLIB) proxies are to be created as opposed
* to standard Java interface-based proxies. The default is {@code false}.
*
* @return whether to proxy or not to proxy the class
*/
boolean proxyTargetClass() default false;
}
我们可以看到@EnableAspectJAutoProxy(proxyTargetClass = false)
这个并不陌生,就是打开Spring AOP功能。重点看看@Import(RetryConfiguration.class)
@Import相当于注册这个Bean
我们看看这个RetryConfiguration
是个什么东西
它是一个AbstractPointcutAdvisor,它有一个pointcut和一个advice。我们知道,在IOC过程中会根据PointcutAdvisor类来对Bean进行Pointcut的过滤,然后生成对应的AOP代理类,用advice来加强处理。看看RetryConfiguration的初始化:
@PostConstruct
public void init() {
Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> retryableAnnotationTypes = new LinkedHashSet<Class<? extends Annotation>>(1);
retryableAnnotationTypes.add(Retryable.class);
//创建pointcut
this.pointcut = buildPointcut(retryableAnnotationTypes);
//创建advice
this.advice = buildAdvice();
if (this.advice instanceof BeanFactoryAware) {
((BeanFactoryAware) this.advice).setBeanFactory(beanFactory);
}
}
~
protected Pointcut buildPointcut(Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> retryAnnotationTypes) {
ComposablePointcut result = null;
for (Class<? extends Annotation> retryAnnotationType : retryAnnotationTypes) {
Pointcut filter = new AnnotationClassOrMethodPointcut(retryAnnotationType);
if (result == null) {
result = new ComposablePointcut(filter);
}
else {
result.union(filter);
}
}
return result;
}
上面代码用到了AnnotationClassOrMethodPointcut,其实它最终还是用到了AnnotationMethodMatcher来根据注解进行切入点的过滤。这里就是@Retryable注解了。
//创建advice对象,即拦截器
protected Advice buildAdvice() {
//下面关注这个对象
AnnotationAwareRetryOperationsInterceptor interceptor = new AnnotationAwareRetryOperationsInterceptor();
if (retryContextCache != null) {
interceptor.setRetryContextCache(retryContextCache);
}
if (retryListeners != null) {
interceptor.setListeners(retryListeners);
}
if (methodArgumentsKeyGenerator != null) {
interceptor.setKeyGenerator(methodArgumentsKeyGenerator);
}
if (newMethodArgumentsIdentifier != null) {
interceptor.setNewItemIdentifier(newMethodArgumentsIdentifier);
}
if (sleeper != null) {
interceptor.setSleeper(sleeper);
}
return interceptor;
}
AnnotationAwareRetryOperationsInterceptor
可以看出AnnotationAwareRetryOperationsInterceptor是一个MethodInterceptor,在创建AOP代理过程中如果目标方法符合pointcut的规则,它就会加到interceptor列表中,然后做增强,我们看看invoke方法做了什么增强。
@Override
public Object invoke(MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {
MethodInterceptor delegate = getDelegate(invocation.getThis(), invocation.getMethod());
if (delegate != null) {
return delegate.invoke(invocation);
}
else {
return invocation.proceed();
}
}
这里用到了委托,主要是需要根据配置委托给具体“有状态”的interceptor还是“无状态”的interceptor。
private MethodInterceptor getDelegate(Object target, Method method) {
if (!this.delegates.containsKey(target) || !this.delegates.get(target).containsKey(method)) {
synchronized (this.delegates) {
if (!this.delegates.containsKey(target)) {
this.delegates.put(target, new HashMap<Method, MethodInterceptor>());
}
Map<Method, MethodInterceptor> delegatesForTarget = this.delegates.get(target);
if (!delegatesForTarget.containsKey(method)) {
Retryable retryable = AnnotationUtils.findAnnotation(method, Retryable.class);
if (retryable == null) {
retryable = AnnotationUtils.findAnnotation(method.getDeclaringClass(), Retryable.class);
}
if (retryable == null) {
retryable = findAnnotationOnTarget(target, method);
}
if (retryable == null) {
return delegatesForTarget.put(method, null);
}
MethodInterceptor delegate;
//支持自定义MethodInterceptor,而且优先级最高
if (StringUtils.hasText(retryable.interceptor())) {
delegate = this.beanFactory.getBean(retryable.interceptor(), MethodInterceptor.class);
}
else if (retryable.stateful()) {
//得到“有状态”的interceptor
delegate = getStatefulInterceptor(target, method, retryable);
}
else {
//得到“无状态”的interceptor
delegate = getStatelessInterceptor(target, method, retryable);
}
delegatesForTarget.put(method, delegate);
}
}
}
return this.delegates.get(target).get(method);
}
getStatefulInterceptor和getStatelessInterceptor都是差不多,我们先看看比较简单的getStatelessInterceptor。
private MethodInterceptor getStatelessInterceptor(Object target, Method method, Retryable retryable) {
//生成一个RetryTemplate
RetryTemplate template = createTemplate(retryable.listeners());
//生成retryPolicy
template.setRetryPolicy(getRetryPolicy(retryable));
//生成backoffPolicy
template.setBackOffPolicy(getBackoffPolicy(retryable.backoff()));
return RetryInterceptorBuilder.stateless()
.retryOperations(template)
.label(retryable.label())
.recoverer(getRecoverer(target, method))
.build();
}
具体生成retryPolicy和backoffPolicy的规则,我们等下再回头来看。RetryInterceptorBuilder其实就是为了生成RetryOperationsInterceptor
。RetryOperationsInterceptor也是一个MethodInterceptor,我们来看看它的invoke
方法。
public Object invoke(final MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {
String name;
if (StringUtils.hasText(label)) {
name = label;
} else {
name = invocation.getMethod().toGenericString();
}
final String label = name;
//定义了一个RetryCallback,其实看它的doWithRetry方法,调用了invocation的proceed()方法,是不是有点眼熟,这就是AOP的拦截链调用,如果没有拦截链,那就是对原来方法的调用。
RetryCallback<Object, Throwable> retryCallback = new RetryCallback<Object, Throwable>() {
public Object doWithRetry(RetryContext context) throws Exception {
context.setAttribute(RetryContext.NAME, label);
/*
* If we don't copy the invocation carefully it won't keep a reference to
* the other interceptors in the chain. We don't have a choice here but to
* specialise to ReflectiveMethodInvocation (but how often would another
* implementation come along?).
*/
if (invocation instanceof ProxyMethodInvocation) {
try {
return ((ProxyMethodInvocation) invocation).invocableClone().proceed();
}
catch (Exception e) {
throw e;
}
catch (Error e) {
throw e;
}
catch (Throwable e) {
throw new IllegalStateException(e);
}
}
else {
throw new IllegalStateException(
"MethodInvocation of the wrong type detected - this should not happen with Spring AOP, " +
"so please raise an issue if you see this exception");
}
}
};
if (recoverer != null) {
ItemRecovererCallback recoveryCallback = new ItemRecovererCallback(
invocation.getArguments(), recoverer);
return this.retryOperations.execute(retryCallback, recoveryCallback);
}
//最终还是进入到retryOperations的execute方法,这个retryOperations就是在之前的builder set进来的RetryTemplate。
return this.retryOperations.execute(retryCallback);
}
无论是RetryOperationsInterceptor
还是StatefulRetryOperationsInterceptor
,最终的拦截处理逻辑还是调用到RetryTemplate的execute方法,从名字也看出来,RetryTemplate作为一个模板类,里面包含了重试统一逻辑。不过,我看这个RetryTemplate并不是很“模板”,因为它没有很多可以扩展的地方。
重试逻辑及策略实现
上面介绍了Spring Retry利用了AOP代理使重试机制对业务代码进行“入侵”。下面我们继续看看重试的逻辑做了什么。RetryTemplate的doExecute方法。
protected <T, E extends Throwable> T doExecute(RetryCallback<T, E> retryCallback,
RecoveryCallback<T> recoveryCallback, RetryState state)
throws E, ExhaustedRetryException {
RetryPolicy retryPolicy = this.retryPolicy;
BackOffPolicy backOffPolicy = this.backOffPolicy;
//新建一个RetryContext来保存本轮重试的上下文
RetryContext context = open(retryPolicy, state);
if (this.logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
this.logger.trace("RetryContext retrieved: " + context);
}
// Make sure the context is available globally for clients who need
// it...
RetrySynchronizationManager.register(context);
Throwable lastException = null;
boolean exhausted = false;
try {
//如果有注册RetryListener,则会调用它的open方法,给调用者一个通知。
boolean running = doOpenInterceptors(retryCallback, context);
if (!running) {
throw new TerminatedRetryException(
"Retry terminated abnormally by interceptor before first attempt");
}
// Get or Start the backoff context...
BackOffContext backOffContext = null;
Object resource = context.getAttribute("backOffContext");
if (resource instanceof BackOffContext) {
backOffContext = (BackOffContext) resource;
}
if (backOffContext == null) {
backOffContext = backOffPolicy.start(context);
if (backOffContext != null) {
context.setAttribute("backOffContext", backOffContext);
}
}
//判断能否重试,就是调用RetryPolicy的canRetry方法来判断。
//这个循环会直到原方法不抛出异常,或不需要再重试
while (canRetry(retryPolicy, context) && !context.isExhaustedOnly()) {
try {
if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
this.logger.debug("Retry: count=" + context.getRetryCount());
}
//清除上次记录的异常
lastException = null;
//doWithRetry方法,一般来说就是原方法
return retryCallback.doWithRetry(context);
}
catch (Throwable e) {
//原方法抛出了异常
lastException = e;
try {
//记录异常信息
registerThrowable(retryPolicy, state, context, e);
}
catch (Exception ex) {
throw new TerminatedRetryException("Could not register throwable",
ex);
}
finally {
//调用RetryListener的onError方法
doOnErrorInterceptors(retryCallback, context, e);
}
//再次判断能否重试
if (canRetry(retryPolicy, context) && !context.isExhaustedOnly()) {
try {
//如果可以重试则走退避策略
backOffPolicy.backOff(backOffContext);
}
catch (BackOffInterruptedException ex) {
lastException = e;
// back off was prevented by another thread - fail the retry
if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
this.logger
.debug("Abort retry because interrupted: count="
+ context.getRetryCount());
}
throw ex;
}
}
if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
this.logger.debug(
"Checking for rethrow: count=" + context.getRetryCount());
}
if (shouldRethrow(retryPolicy, context, state)) {
if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
this.logger.debug("Rethrow in retry for policy: count="
+ context.getRetryCount());
}
throw RetryTemplate.<E>wrapIfNecessary(e);
}
}
/*
* A stateful attempt that can retry may rethrow the exception before now,
* but if we get this far in a stateful retry there's a reason for it,
* like a circuit breaker or a rollback classifier.
*/
if (state != null && context.hasAttribute(GLOBAL_STATE)) {
break;
}
}
if (state == null && this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
this.logger.debug(
"Retry failed last attempt: count=" + context.getRetryCount());
}
exhausted = true;
//重试结束后如果有兜底Recovery方法则执行,否则抛异常
return handleRetryExhausted(recoveryCallback, context, state);
}
catch (Throwable e) {
throw RetryTemplate.<E>wrapIfNecessary(e);
}
finally {
//处理一些关闭逻辑
close(retryPolicy, context, state, lastException == null || exhausted);
//调用RetryListener的close方法
doCloseInterceptors(retryCallback, context, lastException);
RetrySynchronizationManager.clear();
}
}
主要核心重试逻辑就是上面的代码了,看上去还是挺简单的。在上面,我们漏掉了RetryPolicy的canRetry方法和BackOffPolicy的backOff方法,以及这两个Policy是怎么来的。我们回头看看getStatelessInterceptor
方法中的getRetryPolicy
和getRetryPolicy
方法。
private RetryPolicy getRetryPolicy(Annotation retryable) {
Map<String, Object> attrs = AnnotationUtils.getAnnotationAttributes(retryable);
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Class<? extends Throwable>[] includes = (Class<? extends Throwable>[]) attrs.get("value");
String exceptionExpression = (String) attrs.get("exceptionExpression");
boolean hasExpression = StringUtils.hasText(exceptionExpression);
if (includes.length == 0) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Class<? extends Throwable>[] value = (Class<? extends Throwable>[]) attrs.get("include");
includes = value;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Class<? extends Throwable>[] excludes = (Class<? extends Throwable>[]) attrs.get("exclude");
Integer maxAttempts = (Integer) attrs.get("maxAttempts");
String maxAttemptsExpression = (String) attrs.get("maxAttemptsExpression");
if (StringUtils.hasText(maxAttemptsExpression)) {
maxAttempts = PARSER.parseExpression(resolve(maxAttemptsExpression), PARSER_CONTEXT)
.getValue(this.evaluationContext, Integer.class);
}
if (includes.length == 0 && excludes.length == 0) {
SimpleRetryPolicy simple = hasExpression ? new ExpressionRetryPolicy(resolve(exceptionExpression))
.withBeanFactory(this.beanFactory)
: new SimpleRetryPolicy();
simple.setMaxAttempts(maxAttempts);
return simple;
}
Map<Class<? extends Throwable>, Boolean> policyMap = new HashMap<Class<? extends Throwable>, Boolean>();
for (Class<? extends Throwable> type : includes) {
policyMap.put(type, true);
}
for (Class<? extends Throwable> type : excludes) {
policyMap.put(type, false);
}
boolean retryNotExcluded = includes.length == 0;
if (hasExpression) {
return new ExpressionRetryPolicy(maxAttempts, policyMap, true, exceptionExpression, retryNotExcluded)
.withBeanFactory(this.beanFactory);
}
else {
return new SimpleRetryPolicy(maxAttempts, policyMap, true, retryNotExcluded);
}
}
嗯~,代码不难,这里简单做一下总结好了。就是通过@Retryable注解中的参数,来判断具体使用文章开头说到的哪个重试策略,是SimpleRetryPolicy还是ExpressionRetryPolicy等。
private BackOffPolicy getBackoffPolicy(Backoff backoff) {
long min = backoff.delay() == 0 ? backoff.value() : backoff.delay();
if (StringUtils.hasText(backoff.delayExpression())) {
min = PARSER.parseExpression(resolve(backoff.delayExpression()), PARSER_CONTEXT)
.getValue(this.evaluationContext, Long.class);
}
long max = backoff.maxDelay();
if (StringUtils.hasText(backoff.maxDelayExpression())) {
max = PARSER.parseExpression(resolve(backoff.maxDelayExpression()), PARSER_CONTEXT)
.getValue(this.evaluationContext, Long.class);
}
double multiplier = backoff.multiplier();
if (StringUtils.hasText(backoff.multiplierExpression())) {
multiplier = PARSER.parseExpression(resolve(backoff.multiplierExpression()), PARSER_CONTEXT)
.getValue(this.evaluationContext, Double.class);
}
if (multiplier > 0) {
ExponentialBackOffPolicy policy = new ExponentialBackOffPolicy();
if (backoff.random()) {
policy = new ExponentialRandomBackOffPolicy();
}
policy.setInitialInterval(min);
policy.setMultiplier(multiplier);
policy.setMaxInterval(max > min ? max : ExponentialBackOffPolicy.DEFAULT_MAX_INTERVAL);
if (this.sleeper != null) {
policy.setSleeper(this.sleeper);
}
return policy;
}
if (max > min) {
UniformRandomBackOffPolicy policy = new UniformRandomBackOffPolicy();
policy.setMinBackOffPeriod(min);
policy.setMaxBackOffPeriod(max);
if (this.sleeper != null) {
policy.setSleeper(this.sleeper);
}
return policy;
}
FixedBackOffPolicy policy = new FixedBackOffPolicy();
policy.setBackOffPeriod(min);
if (this.sleeper != null) {
policy.setSleeper(this.sleeper);
}
return policy;
}
嗯~,一样的味道。就是通过@Backoff注解中的参数,来判断具体使用文章开头说到的哪个退避策略,是FixedBackOffPolicy还是UniformRandomBackOffPolicy等。
那么每个RetryPolicy都会重写canRetry方法,然后在RetryTemplate判断是否需要重试。我们看看SimpleRetryPolicy的
@Override
public boolean canRetry(RetryContext context) {
Throwable t = context.getLastThrowable();
//判断抛出的异常是否符合重试的异常
//还有,是否超过了重试的次数
return (t == null || retryForException(t)) && context.getRetryCount() < maxAttempts;
}
同样,我们看看FixedBackOffPolicy的退避方法。
protected void doBackOff() throws BackOffInterruptedException {
try {
//就是sleep固定的时间
sleeper.sleep(backOffPeriod);
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new BackOffInterruptedException("Thread interrupted while sleeping", e);
}
}
至此,重试的主要原理以及逻辑大概就是这样了。
RetryContext
我觉得有必要说说RetryContext,先看看它的继承关系。
可以看出对每一个策略都有对应的Context。
在Spring Retry里,其实每一个策略都是单例来的。我刚开始直觉是对每一个需要重试的方法都会new一个策略,这样重试策略之间才不会产生冲突,但是一想就知道这样就可能多出了很多策略对象出来,增加了使用者的负担,这不是一个好的设计。
Spring Retry采用了一个更加轻量级的做法,就是针对每一个需要重试的方法只new一个上下文Context对象,然后在重试时,把这个Context传到策略里,策略再根据这个Context做重试,而且Spring Retry还对这个Context做了cache。这样就相当于对重试的上下文做了优化。
总结
Spring Retry通过AOP机制来实现对业务代码的重试”入侵“,RetryTemplate中包含了核心的重试逻辑,还提供了丰富的重试策略和退避策略。
参考资料
来源:https://blog.csdn.net/bishe_teacher/article/details/110687291
作者:bishe_teacher